Comparison of keyboard shortcuts

Main article: Keyboard shortcut
Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an essential element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for Adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions enables the comparison of keyboard shortcuts across different systems. The following sections detail some of these comparisons in widely used operating systems.

General shortcuts

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Activate current application's Menu bar Alt With full keyboard access active:[1][2] Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
Meta+`
File menu Alt+F Ctrl+F2, then F Alt+F Meta+`, then f
Edit menu Alt+E Ctrl+F2, then E Alt+E Meta+`, then e
View menu Alt+V Ctrl+F2, then V Alt+V
Undo the last operation Ctrl+Z ⌘ Cmd+Z Ctrl+Z Ctrl+x, then u 
or Ctrl+/
or Ctrl+_
or Undo
Redo the last operation Ctrl+Y ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos.
Cut the selected area and store it in the clipboard Ctrl+X or ⇧ Shift+Del ⌘ Cmd+X Ctrl+X Ctrl+w
Copy the selected area into the clipboard Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins ⌘ Cmd+C Ctrl+C Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor Ctrl+V, or ⇧ Shift+Ins ⌘ Cmd+V Ctrl+V Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins, or
Paste special Ctrl+Alt+V
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V Meta+y
Select everything in focused control or window Ctrl+A ⌘ Cmd+A Ctrl+A Ctrl+x, then h
Toggle among installed keyboard languages ⇧ Shift+Alt ⌘ Cmd+Space Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]
 Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Layout Switcher keybinding component for KDE Ctrl+\

Navigation

Action Windows
Applications menu ⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc
Change input orientation of "Search programs and files" field in Start Menu Ctrl+L (left) Ctrl+R (right) Ctrl+E (center)
Lock desktop ⊞ Win+L
Open file or program ↵ Enter
Open new browser window with same page as current Alt+( D then ↵ Enter )
Open the Run dialog box ⊞ Win+R
Open the Search dialog box ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F
Rename object F2
Run new application ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name
Show desktop ⊞ Win+D or
⊞ Win+M (then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows)
Switch active user ⊞ Win+L[4]
Switch focus to the next/previous window (without dialog) Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc
Switch to next/previous focused window Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆
Task manager Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[5]

Power management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Place computer into sleep/standby mode Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Power Options dialog) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable)
Shutdown computer
Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
 Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Restart computer
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] (no confirmation, restart is immediate)
 Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject
Bring up power/sleep dialog box Alt+F4 (while on Desktop only) Ctrl+Eject

Screenshots

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Save screenshot of entire screen as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 Print Screen
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard Print Screen or Ctrl+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3
Save screenshot of window as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Alt+Print Screen (GNOME)
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard Alt+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4

Text editing

Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[6]
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Delete char to the right of cursor Del Del or Fn+← Backspace Del Del, or Ctrl+d
Delete word to the right of cursor Ctrl+Del ⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+ Fn+← Backspace		 Ctrl+Del Meta+d
Delete word to the left of cursor Ctrl+← Backspace ⌥ Opt+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace, or Meta+← Backspace
Go to start of line Home ⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A Home Ctrl+a, or Home
Go to end of line End ⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E End Ctrl+e, or End
Go to start of document Ctrl + Home ⌘ Cmd+↑ Ctrl + Home Meta+<, or Ctrl+Home
Go to end of document Ctrl + End ⌘ Cmd+↓ Ctrl + End Meta+>, or Ctrl+End
Go to previous word Ctrl+← ⌥ Opt+← Ctrl+← Meta+b, or Ctrl+←, or Meta+←
Go to next word Ctrl+→ ⌥ Opt+→ Ctrl+→ Meta+f, or Ctrl+→, or Meta+→
Go to previous line ↑ ↑ ↑ Ctrl+p, or ↑
Go to next line ↓ ↓ ↓ Ctrl+n, or ↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph) Ctrl+↑ ⌥ Opt+↑ Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'{', or Control+↑
Go to next line break Ctrl+↓ ⌥ Opt+↓ Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'}', or Control+↓
Go to search Ctrl+F ⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)
 Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)
 Ctrl+s
Go to next search result F3 ⌘ Cmd+G Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+s
Go to previous search result ⇧ Shift+F3 ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+r
Search and replace Ctrl+H ⌘ Cmd+F Ctrl+H (GNOME) Meta+%
Search a regular expression


Ctrl+Meta+s
Search and replace a regular expression


Ctrl+Meta+%,

Text formatting

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Make selected text bold/regular Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B Ctrl+B
Toggle underlining of selected text Ctrl+U ⌘ Cmd+U Ctrl+U
Make selected text italic/regular Ctrl+I ⌘ Cmd+I Ctrl+I
Change to upper/lower case ⇧ Shift+F3 (Office products only?) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C
Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.
Make selected text superscript Ctrl+⇧ Shift++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (Pages only?)

Make selected text subscript Ctrl++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (Pages only?)

Browsers / Go menu

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Go to Browser Alt+D or Alt+C
according language
 ⌘ Cmd+L
Go to the previous location in history Alt+← or ← Backspace ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← Alt+←
Go to the next location in history Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ Alt+→
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy Alt+↑(Vista and 7 only) or ← Backspace(Windows Explorer) ⌘ Cmd+↑ Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application Alt+Home ⌘ Cmd+Home Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME)

Web browsers

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m
Bookmarks menu Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox) Alt+B v
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) Control+↵ Enter ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) Control+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter (Firefox) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter
Add bookmark for current page Ctrl+D ⌘ Cmd+D Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D
 a
Add bookmark for current link


Meta+a
Manage bookmarks Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)
 Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B
Web search Ctrl+E ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)

Focus and select address bar Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D ⌘ Cmd+L Ctrl+L or F6 g
Refresh a webpage F5 or Ctrl+R ⌘ Cmd+R F5 or Ctrl+R R
Open a new window Ctrl+N ⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome) Ctrl+N
Zoom Options (zoom in +, zoom out -, zoom 100%) Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 ⌘ Cmd++ and ⌘ Cmd+- and ⌘ Cmd+0 Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0

Tab management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m
Create a new tab Ctrl+T ⌘ Cmd+T Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t
Close current tab Ctrl+W ⌘ Cmd+W Ctrl+W or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W[verification needed] or Ctrl+F4 (GNOME?) Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+w
Close all tabs but the current one


Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab Ctrl+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+} or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+. Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n
Go to previous tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+{ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari) Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+, Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p
Open a previously closed tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox/Opera/Chrome)

Window management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME Emacs
Pop up window menu Alt+Space
Alt+F3 Alt+Space Ctrl+`, then b
Close the focused window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 or Ctrl + W or Alt+Space then C[7] ⌘ Cmd+W Alt+F4 Alt+F4 Ctrl+x, then k
Restore the focused window to its previous size Alt+Space then R[7]

Alt+F5 Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window Alt+Space then M[7] then Arrow Keys
Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys
 Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window Alt+Space then S[7] then Arrow Keys
Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically
Hide the focused window
⌘ Cmd+H

Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Minimize the focused window Alt+Space then N[7], or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows 7 and Vista Home Premium) ⌘ Cmd+M Alt+F3 then N Alt+F9 Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Maximize the focused window Alt+Space then X[7], or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7 only)
Alt+F3 then X Alt+F10 Ctrl+x, then 1
Maximize horizontally

Available, but no default Available, but no default
Maximize vertically ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 only)
Available, but no default Available, but no default
Minimize all ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D ⌘ Cmd+Alt+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all non focused windows ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7 only)
Available, but no default

Undo minimize all ⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M
Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Switch fullscreen/normal size F11
F11 F11
Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar
Depends on application Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F Ctrl+F11
Rollup/down window

Available, but no default Alt+F12
Show all open windows
F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]

Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all windows of current application
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]

Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces
F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]


Move window to left/right/up/down workspace ⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 only)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+ ← / → / ↑ / ↓
Move window to workspace n

Available, but no default

Switch to next/previous workspace list

'Available, but no default

Go to workspace n
Ctrl+n Ctrl+Fn

Go to left/right/up/down workspace [10] Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 or later)
Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓
Show / hide desktop ⊞ Win+D F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
 Ctrl+Alt+D Ctrl+Alt+D user specific, no default
Activate window demanding attention




Quit application of current window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[11] ⌘ Cmd+Q[12] Ctrl+Alt+Esc
q
Close dialog Esc Esc


Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)



Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista and 7)



Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)



Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them ⊞ Win+T , you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 only)



Peek at the desktop ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only) F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]


Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets ⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)



External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7 only)



User interface navigation (widgets and controls)

Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ⇆
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control ⇧ Shift+F1

Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control ⇧ Shift+F1 ⌘ Cmd+? ⇧ Shift+F1 ⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 ⌘ Cmd+`
F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window


F8
Give focus to window's menu bar F10 or Alt Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
 Alt F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Function+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+i (laptop) ≣ Menu ⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button Space Space Space Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc. ↵ Enter Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) ↵ Enter ↵ Enter
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget

Home / End Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right
⇞ / ⇟ (or Fn+↑}+Fn+↓ on some keyboards)
PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom
↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘

Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window Ctrl+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⌘ Cmd+`

Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop


Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)


Ctrl+Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc

Command line shortcuts

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
Action Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)		 Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)		 Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(bash)		 Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(POSIX shell)
Scroll through History of typed commands ↑/↓ ↑/↓ ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N ESC K/ESC J
Signal end-of-file Ctrl+Z
Ctrl+D
Abort current command/typing Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left

Ctrl+W
Erase word to the right

Alt+D
Erase line to the left Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+U
Erase line to the right Ctrl+End Ctrl+End Ctrl+K
Yank/paste previously erased string

Ctrl+Y
Move one word to the left (backward) Ctrl+← Ctrl+← Alt+B
Move one word to the right (forward) Ctrl+→ Ctrl+→ Alt+F
Move to beginning of line Home Home Ctrl+A
Move to end of line End End Ctrl+E
Reverse search of history F7 F8 Ctrl+R
Stop execution of the current job

Ctrl+Z
Insert the next character typed verbatim

Ctrl+V
Autocomplete command/file name Tab ⇆ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later) Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ (usually once) Esc (usually twice)
Scroll window up ⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)
⇧ Shift+PageUp
Scroll window down ⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)
⇧ Shift+PageDown

Accessibility

In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME
Utility Manager ⊞ Win+U

Use keyboard to control cursor (Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock


Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time (⇧ Shift 5 times)


Hear beep when -lock key pressed (Numlock for 5 seconds)


Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed (Right Shift for 8 seconds)


Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8

User interface shortcuts

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used to select a User interface (UI).
Action Microsoft Windows Linux
X11		 OS X
CLI
Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6
GUI
Usually Ctrl+Alt+F7 or Ctrl+Alt+F8
GPU enhanced GUI



Saturday, 8 October 2011

Comparison of keyboard shortcuts

Main article: Keyboard shortcut
Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an essential element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for Adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions enables the comparison of keyboard shortcuts across different systems. The following sections detail some of these comparisons in widely used operating systems.

General shortcuts

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Activate current application's Menu bar Alt With full keyboard access active:[1][2] Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
Meta+`
File menu Alt+F Ctrl+F2, then F Alt+F Meta+`, then f
Edit menu Alt+E Ctrl+F2, then E Alt+E Meta+`, then e
View menu Alt+V Ctrl+F2, then V Alt+V
Undo the last operation Ctrl+Z ⌘ Cmd+Z Ctrl+Z Ctrl+x, then u 
or Ctrl+/
or Ctrl+_
or Undo
Redo the last operation Ctrl+Y ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos.
Cut the selected area and store it in the clipboard Ctrl+X or ⇧ Shift+Del ⌘ Cmd+X Ctrl+X Ctrl+w
Copy the selected area into the clipboard Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins ⌘ Cmd+C Ctrl+C Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor Ctrl+V, or ⇧ Shift+Ins ⌘ Cmd+V Ctrl+V Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins, or
Paste special Ctrl+Alt+V
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V Meta+y
Select everything in focused control or window Ctrl+A ⌘ Cmd+A Ctrl+A Ctrl+x, then h
Toggle among installed keyboard languages ⇧ Shift+Alt ⌘ Cmd+Space Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]
 Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Layout Switcher keybinding component for KDE Ctrl+\

Navigation

Action Windows
Applications menu ⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc
Change input orientation of "Search programs and files" field in Start Menu Ctrl+L (left) Ctrl+R (right) Ctrl+E (center)
Lock desktop ⊞ Win+L
Open file or program ↵ Enter
Open new browser window with same page as current Alt+( D then ↵ Enter )
Open the Run dialog box ⊞ Win+R
Open the Search dialog box ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F
Rename object F2
Run new application ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name
Show desktop ⊞ Win+D or
⊞ Win+M (then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows)
Switch active user ⊞ Win+L[4]
Switch focus to the next/previous window (without dialog) Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc
Switch to next/previous focused window Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆
Task manager Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[5]

Power management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Place computer into sleep/standby mode Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Power Options dialog) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable)
Shutdown computer
Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
 Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Restart computer
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] (no confirmation, restart is immediate)
 Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject
Bring up power/sleep dialog box Alt+F4 (while on Desktop only) Ctrl+Eject

Screenshots

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Save screenshot of entire screen as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 Print Screen
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard Print Screen or Ctrl+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3
Save screenshot of window as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Alt+Print Screen (GNOME)
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard Alt+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4

Text editing

Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[6]
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Delete char to the right of cursor Del Del or Fn+← Backspace Del Del, or Ctrl+d
Delete word to the right of cursor Ctrl+Del ⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+ Fn+← Backspace		 Ctrl+Del Meta+d
Delete word to the left of cursor Ctrl+← Backspace ⌥ Opt+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace, or Meta+← Backspace
Go to start of line Home ⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A Home Ctrl+a, or Home
Go to end of line End ⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E End Ctrl+e, or End
Go to start of document Ctrl + Home ⌘ Cmd+↑ Ctrl + Home Meta+<, or Ctrl+Home
Go to end of document Ctrl + End ⌘ Cmd+↓ Ctrl + End Meta+>, or Ctrl+End
Go to previous word Ctrl+← ⌥ Opt+← Ctrl+← Meta+b, or Ctrl+←, or Meta+←
Go to next word Ctrl+→ ⌥ Opt+→ Ctrl+→ Meta+f, or Ctrl+→, or Meta+→
Go to previous line ↑ ↑ ↑ Ctrl+p, or ↑
Go to next line ↓ ↓ ↓ Ctrl+n, or ↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph) Ctrl+↑ ⌥ Opt+↑ Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'{', or Control+↑
Go to next line break Ctrl+↓ ⌥ Opt+↓ Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'}', or Control+↓
Go to search Ctrl+F ⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)
 Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)
 Ctrl+s
Go to next search result F3 ⌘ Cmd+G Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+s
Go to previous search result ⇧ Shift+F3 ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+r
Search and replace Ctrl+H ⌘ Cmd+F Ctrl+H (GNOME) Meta+%
Search a regular expression


Ctrl+Meta+s
Search and replace a regular expression


Ctrl+Meta+%,

Text formatting

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs
Make selected text bold/regular Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B Ctrl+B
Toggle underlining of selected text Ctrl+U ⌘ Cmd+U Ctrl+U
Make selected text italic/regular Ctrl+I ⌘ Cmd+I Ctrl+I
Change to upper/lower case ⇧ Shift+F3 (Office products only?) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C
Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.
Make selected text superscript Ctrl+⇧ Shift++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (Pages only?)

Make selected text subscript Ctrl++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (Pages only?)

Browsers / Go menu

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME
Go to Browser Alt+D or Alt+C
according language
 ⌘ Cmd+L
Go to the previous location in history Alt+← or ← Backspace ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← Alt+←
Go to the next location in history Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ Alt+→
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy Alt+↑(Vista and 7 only) or ← Backspace(Windows Explorer) ⌘ Cmd+↑ Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application Alt+Home ⌘ Cmd+Home Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME)

Web browsers

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m
Bookmarks menu Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox) Alt+B v
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) Control+↵ Enter ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) Control+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter (Firefox) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter
Add bookmark for current page Ctrl+D ⌘ Cmd+D Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D
 a
Add bookmark for current link


Meta+a
Manage bookmarks Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)
 Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B
Web search Ctrl+E ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)

Focus and select address bar Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D ⌘ Cmd+L Ctrl+L or F6 g
Refresh a webpage F5 or Ctrl+R ⌘ Cmd+R F5 or Ctrl+R R
Open a new window Ctrl+N ⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome) Ctrl+N
Zoom Options (zoom in +, zoom out -, zoom 100%) Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 ⌘ Cmd++ and ⌘ Cmd+- and ⌘ Cmd+0 Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0

Tab management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m
Create a new tab Ctrl+T ⌘ Cmd+T Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t
Close current tab Ctrl+W ⌘ Cmd+W Ctrl+W or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W[verification needed] or Ctrl+F4 (GNOME?) Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+w
Close all tabs but the current one


Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab Ctrl+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+} or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+. Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n
Go to previous tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+{ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari) Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+, Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p
Open a previously closed tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox/Opera/Chrome)

Window management

Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME Emacs
Pop up window menu Alt+Space
Alt+F3 Alt+Space Ctrl+`, then b
Close the focused window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 or Ctrl + W or Alt+Space then C[7] ⌘ Cmd+W Alt+F4 Alt+F4 Ctrl+x, then k
Restore the focused window to its previous size Alt+Space then R[7]

Alt+F5 Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window Alt+Space then M[7] then Arrow Keys
Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys
 Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window Alt+Space then S[7] then Arrow Keys
Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically
Hide the focused window
⌘ Cmd+H

Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Minimize the focused window Alt+Space then N[7], or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows 7 and Vista Home Premium) ⌘ Cmd+M Alt+F3 then N Alt+F9 Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Maximize the focused window Alt+Space then X[7], or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7 only)
Alt+F3 then X Alt+F10 Ctrl+x, then 1
Maximize horizontally

Available, but no default Available, but no default
Maximize vertically ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 only)
Available, but no default Available, but no default
Minimize all ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D ⌘ Cmd+Alt+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all non focused windows ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7 only)
Available, but no default

Undo minimize all ⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M
Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Switch fullscreen/normal size F11
F11 F11
Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar
Depends on application Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F Ctrl+F11
Rollup/down window

Available, but no default Alt+F12
Show all open windows
F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]

Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all windows of current application
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]

Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces
F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]


Move window to left/right/up/down workspace ⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 only)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+ ← / → / ↑ / ↓
Move window to workspace n

Available, but no default

Switch to next/previous workspace list

'Available, but no default

Go to workspace n
Ctrl+n Ctrl+Fn

Go to left/right/up/down workspace [10] Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 or later)
Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓
Show / hide desktop ⊞ Win+D F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
 Ctrl+Alt+D Ctrl+Alt+D user specific, no default
Activate window demanding attention




Quit application of current window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[11] ⌘ Cmd+Q[12] Ctrl+Alt+Esc
q
Close dialog Esc Esc


Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)



Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista and 7)



Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)



Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them ⊞ Win+T , you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 only)



Peek at the desktop ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only) F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]


Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets ⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)



External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7 only)



User interface navigation (widgets and controls)

Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ⇆
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control ⇧ Shift+F1

Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control ⇧ Shift+F1 ⌘ Cmd+? ⇧ Shift+F1 ⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 ⌘ Cmd+`
F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window


F8
Give focus to window's menu bar F10 or Alt Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
 Alt F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Function+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+i (laptop) ≣ Menu ⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button Space Space Space Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc. ↵ Enter Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) ↵ Enter ↵ Enter
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget

Home / End Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right
⇞ / ⇟ (or Fn+↑}+Fn+↓ on some keyboards)
PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom
↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘

Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window Ctrl+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⌘ Cmd+`

Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop


Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)


Ctrl+Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc

Command line shortcuts

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
Action Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)		 Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)		 Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(bash)		 Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(POSIX shell)
Scroll through History of typed commands ↑/↓ ↑/↓ ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N ESC K/ESC J
Signal end-of-file Ctrl+Z
Ctrl+D
Abort current command/typing Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left

Ctrl+W
Erase word to the right

Alt+D
Erase line to the left Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+U
Erase line to the right Ctrl+End Ctrl+End Ctrl+K
Yank/paste previously erased string

Ctrl+Y
Move one word to the left (backward) Ctrl+← Ctrl+← Alt+B
Move one word to the right (forward) Ctrl+→ Ctrl+→ Alt+F
Move to beginning of line Home Home Ctrl+A
Move to end of line End End Ctrl+E
Reverse search of history F7 F8 Ctrl+R
Stop execution of the current job

Ctrl+Z
Insert the next character typed verbatim

Ctrl+V
Autocomplete command/file name Tab ⇆ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later) Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ (usually once) Esc (usually twice)
Scroll window up ⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)
⇧ Shift+PageUp
Scroll window down ⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)
⇧ Shift+PageDown

Accessibility

In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME
Utility Manager ⊞ Win+U

Use keyboard to control cursor (Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock


Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time (⇧ Shift 5 times)


Hear beep when -lock key pressed (Numlock for 5 seconds)


Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed (Right Shift for 8 seconds)


Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8

User interface shortcuts

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used to select a User interface (UI).
Action Microsoft Windows Linux
X11		 OS X
CLI
Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6
GUI
Usually Ctrl+Alt+F7 or Ctrl+Alt+F8
GPU enhanced GUI



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